Crabbe’s Journal 17
1. What happens to Mary in this chapter?
Crabbe’s Journal 18
1. Once Crabbe gets back to the camp, what does he do right away?
2. What was Crabbe disgusted in himself for?
3. What things did Crabbe learn about Mary?
4. What things did Crabbe think his father wanted him to be like?
5. What was it about the way Mary made Crabbe feel that was different (p. 124)?
6. What was one of Mary’s favourite expressions?
7. What’s a “loser’s game” according to Mary?
8. When does Mary think a person reached maturity?
9. What realization does Crabbe come to about Mary and why she was hiding?
Crabbe’s Journal 19
1. What two choices does Crabbe realize he has?
2. What was Crabbe’s greatest enemy in his situation?
3. How did Crabbe’s Packs come in handy?
4. How long had Crabbe been in the bush/
5. Why does Crabbe’s sleeping bag need to be hung?
6. How has the weather turned against Crabbe?
7. Where does Crabbe take shelter for the evening?
8. What did Mary think was the “greatest compliment to a teacher”?
Crabbe’s Journal 20
1. What was happening to Crabbe’s hands and feet?
2. Why was the pain going away?
3. Why couldn’t Crabbe fall asleep once he reached shelter?
4. How did Crabbe end up in the hospital?
Crabbe’s Journal 21
1. What happened to Crabbe’s hand? How could it have been worse?
2. Why does Crabbe have to be transferred to a city hospital?
3. Why does Crabbe finally decide to reveal some information about himself?
Digression (2)
1. What kind of imagination does Crabbe think people need?
Crabbe’s Journal 22
1. Who is Mrs. Owen’s?
2. What was different about Crabbe’s mother and father’s appearance?
3. Why does Crabbe run from seeing his parents?
4. Why does Crabbe finally decide to face them?
Crabbe’s Journal 23
1. What does Crabbe realize both he and his parents are feeling (p.162)?
2. What did Crabbe’s father need to know?
3. What’s your interpretation of how Crabbe left things with his parents?
Crabbe’s Journal: End
1. Where does Crabbe go once he checks out of the hospital?
2. What was Crabbe having a difficult time getting used to?
3. Where does Crabbe get a job? Why does he think he got it?
4. Who’s Brighton?
5. What’s Project Adventure?
6. Do you think Project Adventure is a good thing for Crabbe? Explain.
1. What did you like the best about today’s class?
2. What did you like the least about today’s class?
3. Which character from “Jurassic Park” do you think most resembles the development that Crabbe is going through? Provide 2 examples and explain why you see similarities.
Archetypes
Carl Jung first applied the term archetype to literature. He recognized that there were universal patterns in all stories and mythologies regardless of culture or historical period and hypothesized that part of the human mind contained a collective unconscious shared by all members of the human species, a sort of universal, primal memory. Joseph Campbell took Jung’s ideas and applied them to world mythologies. In A Hero with a Thousand Faces, among other works, he refined the concept of hero and the hero’s journey— George Lucas used Campbell’s writings to formulate the Star Wars saga. Recognizing archetypal patterns in literature brings patterns we all unconsciously respond to in similar ways to a conscious level. The term archetype can be applied to:
• An image
• A theme
• A symbol
• An idea
• A character type
• A plot pattern
Archetypes can be expressed in
• Myths
• Dreams
• Literature
• Religions
• Fantasies
• Folklore
Heroic Archetypes:
1. Hero as warrior (Odysseus): A near god-like hero faces physical challenges and external enemies
2. Hero as lover (Prince Charming): A pure love motivate hero to complete his quest
3. Hero as Scapegoat (Jesus): Hero suffers for the sake of others
4. Transcendent Hero: The hero of tragedy whose fatal flaw brings about his downfall, but not without achieving some kind of transforming realization or wisdom (Greek and Shakespearean tragedies—Oedipus, Hamlet, Macbeth, etc.)
5. Romantic/Gothic Hero: Hero/lover with a decidedly dark side (Mr. Rochester in Jane Eyre)
6. Proto-Feminist Hero: Female heroes ( The Awakening by Kate Chopin)
7. Apocalyptic Hero: Hero who faces the possible destruction of society
8. Anti-Hero: A non-hero, given the vocation of failure, frequently humorous (Homer Simpson)
9. Defiant Anti-hero: Opposer of society’s definition of heroism/goodness. ( Heart of Darkness)
10. Unbalanced Hero: The Protagonist who has (or must pretend to have) mental or emotional deficiencies ( Hamlet, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest)
11. The Other—the Denied Hero: The protagonist whose status or essential otherness makes heroism possible ( Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison, The Joy Luck Club by Amy Tan)
12. The Superheroic: Exaggerates the normal proportions of humanity; frequently has divine or supernatural origins. In some sense, the superhero is one apart, someone who does not quite belong, but who is nonetheless needed by society. (Mythological heroes, Superman)
Types of Archetypal Journeys
1. The quest for identity
2. The epic journey to find the promised land/to found the good city
3. The quest for vengeance
4. The warrior’s journey to save his people
5. The search for love (to rescue the princess/damsel in distress)
6. The journey in search of knowledge
7. The tragic quest: penance or self-denial
8. The fool’s errand
9. The quest to rid the land of danger
10. The grail quest (the quest for human perfection)
Stages of a Hero’s Journey
Stage 1: Departure
The hero is called to adventure, although he is reluctant to accept.
Stage 2:Initiation
The hero crosses a threshold into a new, more dangerous world, gaining a more mature perspective.
Stage 3: The Road of Trials
The hero is given supernatural aid, endures tests of strength, resourcefulness, and endurance.
Stage 4: The Innermost Cave
The hero descends into the innermost cave, an underworld, or some other place of great trial. Sometimes this place can be within the hero’s own mind. Because of this trial, the hero is reborn in some way—physically, emotionally, or spiritually. Through this experience, the hero changes internally.
Stage 5:
Return and Reintegration with Society
The hero uses his new wisdom to restore fertility and order to the land
Characteristics of the Hero’s Journey
• The hero is naïve and inexperienced
• The hero meets monsters or monstrous men
• The hero has a strange, wise being as a mentor
• The hero years for the beautiful lady who is sometimes his guide or inspiration
• The hero must go on a journey, learn a lesson, change in some way, and return home
• The hero often crosses a body of water or travels on a bridge.
• The hero is born and raised in a rural setting away from cities
• The origin of the hero is mysterious or the hero losses his/her parents at a young age, being raised by animals or a wise guardian
• The hero returns to the land of his/her birth in disguise or as an unknown
• The hero is special, one of a kind. He/she might represent a whole nation or culture
• The hero struggles for something valuable and important
• The hero has help from divine or supernatural forces
• The hero has a guide or guides
• The hero goes through a rite of passage or initiation, an event that marks a change from an immature to a more mature understanding of the world
• The hero undergoes some type of ritual or ceremony after his/her initiation
• The hero has a loyal band of companions
• The hero makes a stirring speech to his/her companions
• The hero engages in tests or contests of strength (physical and/or mental) and shows pride in his/her excellence
• The hero suffers an unhealable wound, sometimes an emotional or spiritual wound from which the hero never completely recovers.
Situational Archetypes
Archetype
Description
Example
The Quest
What the Hero must accomplish in order to bring fertility back to the wasteland, usually a search for some talisman, which will restore peace, order, and normalcy to a troubled land.
The Task
The nearly superhuman feat(s) the Hero must perform in order to accomplish his quest.
The Journey
The journey sends the Hero in search of some truth that will help save his kingdom.
The Initiation
The adolescent comes into his maturity with new awareness and problems.
The Ritual
The actual ceremonies the Initiate experiences that will mark his rite of passage into another state. A clear sign of the character’s role in his society
The Fall
The descent from a higher to a lower state of being usually as a punishment for transgression. It also involves the loss of innocence.
Death and Rebirth
The most common of all situational archetypes, this motif grows out of a parallel between the cycle of nature and the cycle of life. Thus morning and springtime represent birth, youth, or rebirth, while evening and winter suggest old age or death.
Battle between Good and Evil
Obviously, a battle between two primal forces. Mankind shows eternal optimism in the continual portrayal of good triumphing over evil despite great odds.
The Unhealable Wound
Either a physical or psychological wound that cannot be fully healed. The wound symbolizes a loss of innocence.
Character Archetypes
Archetype Description
Example
The Hero
The Hero is a protagonist whose life is a series of well-marked adventures. The circumstances of his birth are unusual, and he is raised by a guardian. He will have to leave his kingdom, only to return to it upon reaching manhood. Characterized by courage, strength, and honor, the hero will endure hardship, even risk his life for the good of all. Leaves the familiar to enter an unfamiliar and challenging world.
Young Man from the Provinces
The Hero returns to his home and heritage where he is a stranger who can see new problems and new solutions
The Initiates
The Initiates are young heroes or heroines who must go through some training and ceremony before undertaking their quest.
Mentor
The Mentor is an older, wiser teacher to the initiates. He often serves as a father or mother figure. He gives the hero gifts (weapons, food, magic, information),serves as a role model or as hero’s conscience.
Mentor – Pupil Relationship
In this relationship, the Mentor teaches the Hero/pupil the necessary skills for surviving the quest.
The Threshold Guardian
Tests the hero’s courage and worthiness to begin the journey
Father – Son Conflict In this relationship, the tension is built due to separation from childhood or some other source when the two meet as men.
Hunting Group of Companions
These are loyal companions willing to face hardship and ordeal in order to stay together.
Loyal Retainers
The Retainer’s duty is to reflect the nobility and power of the hero.
Friendly Beast
An animal companion showing that nature is on the side of the hero
The Shadow A worthy opponent with whom the hero must struggle in a fight to the end. Must be destroyed or neutralized. Psychologically can represent the darker side of the hero’s own psyche.
The Devil Figure
This character is evil incarnate.
The Evil Figure with Ultimately Good Heart
A devil figure with the potential to be good. This person is usually saved by the love of the hero.
The Creature of Nightmare
A monster usually summoned from the deepest, darkest part of the human psyche to threaten the lives of the hero/heroine. Often it is a perversion or desecration of the human body.
The Scapegoat
An animal, or more usually a human, whose death in a public ceremony expiates some taint or sin of a community. They are often more powerful in death than in life.
The Outcast
A character banished from a social group for some real or imagined crime against his fellow man, usually destined to wander form place to place.
The Platonic Ideal
A woman who is a source of inspiration to the hero, who has an intellectual rather than physical attraction to her
Damsel in Distress
A vulnerable woman who needs to be rescued by the hero. She is often used as a trap to ensnare the unsuspecting hero.
The Earth Mother
Symbolic of fruition, abundance, and fertility, this character traditionally offers spiritual and emotional nourishment to those with whom she comes in contact. Often depicted in earth colors, has large breasts and hips symbolic of her childbearing capacities.
The Temptress or Black Goddess
Characterized by sensuous beauty, this woman is one to whom the protagonist is physically attracted and who ultimately brings about his downfall. May appear as a witch or vampire
White Goddess
Good, beautiful maiden, usually blond, may make an ideal marriage partner; often has religious or intellectual overtones.
The Unfaithful Wife
A woman married to a man she sees as dull or distant and is attracted to more virile or interesting men.
Star-Crossed Lovers
Two characters engaged in a love affair fated to end tragically for one or both due to the disapproval of society, friends, family, or some tragic situation.
Symbolic Archetypes
Archetype
Description
Light vs. Darkness
Light usually suggests hope, renewal, or intellectual illumination; darkness implies the unknown, ignorance, or despair.
Innate Wisdom vs.Educated Stupidity
Some characters exhibit wisdom and understanding of situations instinctively as opposed to those supposedly in charge. Loyal retainers often exhibit this wisdom as they accompany the hero on the journey.
Supernatural Intervention
Spiritual beings intervene on the side of the hero or sometimes against him.
Fire and Ice
Fire represents knowledge, light, life, and rebirth, while ice, like the desert, represents ignorance, darkness, sterility, and death.
Nature vs. Mechanistic World
Nature is good while technology is evil.
The Threshold
Gateway to a new world which the hero must enter to change and grow
The Underworld
A place of death or metaphorically an encounter with the dark side of the self. Entering an underworld is a form of facing a fear of death.
Haven vs. Wilderness
Places of safety contrast sharply against a dangerous wilderness. Heroes are often sheltered for a time to regain health and resources
Water vs. Desert
Because Water is necessary to life and growth, it commonly appears as a birth symbol, as baptism symbolizes a spiritual birth. Rain, rivers, oceans, etc. also function the same way. The Desert suggests the opposite.
Heaven vs. Hell
Man has traditionally associated parts of the universe not accessible to him with the dwelling places of the primordial forces that govern his world. The skies and mountaintops house his gods, the bowels of the earth contain diabolic forces.
The Crossroads
A place or time of decision when a realization is made and change or penance results
The Maze
A puzzling dilemma or great uncertainty, search for the dangerous monster inside of oneself, or a journey into the heart of darkness
The Castle A strong place of safety which holds treasure or princess, may be enchanted or bewitched
The Tower
A strong place of evil, represents the isolation of self
The Magic Weapon
The weapon the hero needs in order to complete his quest.
The Whirlpool
Symbolizes the destructive power of nature or fate.
Fog
Symbolizes uncertainty.
Colors
Red: blood, sacrifice, passion, disorder
Green: growth, hope, fertility
Blue: highly positive, security, tranquility, spiritual purity
Black: darkness, chaos, mystery, the unknown, death, wisdom, evil, melancholy
White: light, purity, innocence, timelessness (negatives: death, horror, supernatural)
Yellow: enlightenment, wisdom
Chapter questions from To Kill a Mockingbird
Chapter 1 Introduction to Maycomb, Boo Radley Jem Scout and all
1. Why is Boo Radley imprisoned by his father?
2. List all of the people that live on the same street as Atticus, Jem and Scout.
3. What do we learn about Atticus’ family in the first chapter?
4. What is Dill’s big plan?
5. What does Dill dare Jem to do?
Chapter 2 Scout goes to school
1. What sort of relationship do Scout and Miss Caroline have? Come up with 3 adjectives and give supporting evidence for each.
2. What do we learn about the Cunningham family this chapter?
3. How does this fit with the wider setting of the Novel?
4. What attributes do the Cunninghams display?
Chapter 3 Walter Cunningham comes home from school for lunch.
1. What do we learn about Atticus’ character?
2. What distinction is made between the Cunninghams, and the Ewells?
3. What does Atticus mean by…
‘if you can learn a simple trick, Scout, you’ll get along a lot better with all kinds of folks. You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view – ’
’Sir?’ ’
– until you climb into his skin and walk around in it.’
Chapter 4 Jem and Scout find things in the tree and play ‘Boo Radley’. Scout rolls into the Radley house in a tire.
1. What is the first thing Scout finds in the live Oaks by the Radley place?
2. What is the new game that Dill and Jem start playing?
3. What does Scout hear after her tire hits the Radley house?
Chapter 5 Jem, Dill and Scout try to make Boo come out, using a fishing line
1. Describe the relationship that Miss Maudie Atkinson has with Jem and Scout. Find some evidence for your thoughts.
2. How do Jem and Dill try to lure Boo Radley out?
3. What advice does Atticus give to Jem and Scout concerning Boo Radley?
Chapter 6 Jem, Dill and Scout creep into the Radley yard at night and get shot at. Jem goes back for his pants.
1. Why do Jem, Dill and Scout go to the Radley house in the middle of the night?
2. What does Nathan Radley do to scare Jem, Scout and Dill away from the Radley place?
3. Why does Jem return to the Radley place that same night?
Chapter 7 Nathan Radley plugs the hole in the tree, after Scout and Jem get more stuff from it.
1. What further information does Jem tell Scout about the night they were scared off from the Radley house?
2. List three other things that Jem and Scout find in the tree outside the Radley’s house
*
*
*
3. What reason does Nathan Radley give for plugging the hole in the tree with cement?
Chapter 8 Snow in Maycomb. Miss Maudie Atkinson’s house burns down.
1. Whose house is on fire?
2. Where do Jem and Scout stand to watch the fire?
3. Who gives Scout a blanket to keep warm?
Chapter 9 Scout taunted by Cecil, but walks away. Christmas: uncle Jack comes to stay, they go to Finch’s Landing for Christmas.
1. Why does Scout fight Cecil Jacobs?
2. Which case do we hear about for the first time?
3. What provokes Scout to fight her cousin Francis?
4. Why is Scout upset with her Uncle Jack?
Re-read the conversation between Uncle Jack and Atticus on Pg. 93. What does this add about living with integrity?
Pg. 92 “‘Uncle Jack, please promise me ________’, please sir. ______ you won’t tell Atticus about this. He – he _______ me one time not to let anything I heard about him make me ____, an’ I’d _______ him think we were _______’ about _________’ else instead. Please promise…’”
Chapter 10 Atticus shoots Tim Johnson
1. What present does Atticus give to Jem and Scout?
2. Who is Tim Johnson?
3. Why does Heck Tate (the policeman) make Atticus shoot Tim Johnson?
4. What nickname did Atticus have? This novel is about integrity. Find and complete the following quote.
“‘If your father’s anything, he’s ________ in his heart. _________________ a gift of God, a talent…. I think maybe he put his ____ down when he __________ that God had given him an unfair ____________ over most living things.’ ‘People in their ______ ________ never take ________ in their talents,’ said Miss Maudie.”
Look at the quote above. In your opinion, what does it say about living with integrity?
Chapter 11 Jem reads to Mrs. Dubose.
1. What is Jem and Scout’s opinion of Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose?
2. What did Mrs. Dubose say to really upset Jem?
3. How does Jem get revenge on Mrs. Dubose?
4. What is Jem’s punishment for his revenge on Mrs. Dubose?
5. What is revealed about Mrs. Dubose at the end of the chapter?
Chapter 12 Jem and Scout go to church with Calpurnia
1. In your opinion, why does Harper Lee include the incident with Lulu?
2. Note two differences between Calpurnia’s church, and the church Scout is used to.
3. Who do Jem and Scout discover sitting on their porch after church?
Chapter 13 Aunt Alexandra comes to stay. Atticus makes an attempt at telling Jem and Scout what it means to be a Finch.
1. Which club does Aunt Alexandra become secretary of?
2. Pg. 134 ‘Aunt Alexandra had a way of deciding What Is Best For The Family, and I suppose her coming to live with us was in that category.’ Why has Harper Lee capitalized W. I. B. F. T. F in this sentence?
3. The chapter ends “I know now what he was trying to do…” What was Atticus trying to do when he spoke to Jem and Scout about what it means to be a Finch?
4. Why in your opinion has Aunt Alexandra come to stay?
Chapter 14 Dill appears under Scout’s bed.
1. Who wants to get rid of Calpurnia?
2. Why has Dill run away from home?
Chapter 15 A mob warns Atticus about Tom Robinson being transferred prisons. Another mob tries to kill Tom in prison.
1. Describe how Atticus shows integrity during this chapter.
2. Lots of this chapter is INFERRED. That means we need to read between the lines to work out what is happening. What can we INFER about the men, and the action in this scene? See if you can list five things that we are encouraged to infer.
3. The word humane means to be gentle, civilized and compassionate. To be inhumane means the opposite: barbaric, brutal and heartless. Take seven lines at least to describe how Scout’s appearance in this scene changes things.
Chapter 16 (leads us right up to the trial)
1. Find and complete the following quote
“‘A mob’s always made up of ________, no matter what. Mr. ___________was part of a mob last night, but he was still a _______. Every ______ in every little Southern town is always made up of ___________ you know…. You children last night made Walter Cunningham _________ in my _________ for a minute. That was enough.’” Atticus pg. 163
2. How has Scout made Walter Cunningham stand in Atticus’s shoes?
3. How has this made him behave in a humane way?
4. Where do Scout, Jem and Dill sit to watch the trial?
5. Why is this significant?
6. We learn that the court has appointed Atticus to defend Tom Robinson. In your opinion, how does this change the way that we see Atticus? How does this fit with our understanding about integrity?
Chapter 17 The trial starts
1. “Mr. Tate said, ‘Oh yes, that’d make it her right. It was her right eye, Mr. Finch. I remember now, she was bunged up on that side of her face….’”
What is the significance of Mayella Ewell’s injuries being on the right side of her face?
2. Why does Atticus ask if Bob Ewell or Heck Tate went to find the Doctor?
3. Why does Atticus ask Bob Ewell to write down his name?
Chapter 18 Mayella Ewell takes the stand
1. Why does Atticus question Mayella about her lack of friends?
2. What is revealed about Bob Ewell’s character?
3. What do we find out about Tom Robinson in this chapter? Why is this important?
4. Again, our inference skills as readers are tested. Write down four things that are inferred in this chapter.
Chapter 19 Tom Robinson takes the stand
1. How old is Tom Robinson?
2. Why does Atticus start by asking Tom about his previous conviction?
3. Why were the other Ewell children not present the day of the alleged rape?
4. What mistake does Tom make when he’s on the witness stand? Why is this a mistake?
Chapter 20 Atticus’ final speech to the jury
1. Complete the quote:
‘Atticus says cheatin’ a ___________ man is ten times worse than cheatin’ a _________ man,’
I muttered. ‘Says it’s the_________ thing you can do.’
Why does Atticus think it is worse to cheat a ________ man than to cheat a _______ man?
2. How does this link to the title of the novel?
3. In Atticus’ summary, what does he claim Mayella does that is unspeakable in their society?
4. Who appears in court at the end of Atticus’ closing speech to the jury?
Chapter 21 The Verdict
1. Who wins the trial?
2. When leaving the court, how does the Negro community show respect to Atticus?
3. In your opinion, how does this reflect upon Atticus’s integrity?
Chapter 22 Following the trial #1
1. The following morning, how does the Negro community show respect for Atticus?
2. According to Miss Maudie, how does Judge Taylor help Tom Robinson?
3. What does Bob Ewell do to Atticus?
Chapter 23 Following the trial #2
1. Why is Atticus happy for Bob Ewell to spit on him?
2. Which member of the jury wanted to let Tom Robinson go free?
3. According to Jem, why does Boo Radley stay in his house?
Chapter 24 A Missionary women’s lunch
1. Why is Mrs. Merriweather’s speech on J. Grimes Everett ironic?
2. Who is Mrs. Farrow talking about when she says ‘I tell you there are some good but misguided people in this town.’
3. What news do Atticus and Calpurnia break to Helen Robinson?
Chapter 25 following the trial #3
1. What does Jem stop Scout from killing? Why?
2. What does this incident reveal about Jem?
3. How long is Maycomb interested in the news about Tom Robinson?
4. [Mr. Underwood, newspaper man] “He likened Tom’s death to the senseless slaughter of songbirds by hunters and children….”How is Tom Robinson’s death like the killing of songbirds?
Chapter 26 back to school
1. How has Scout’s attitude to the Radley place changed?
2. Why does Harper Lee include the incident with Little Cecil Jacobs and the article about Hitler (or ‘Old Hitler’)? How is this incident like the Maycomb missionary ladies sitting about discussing the work of J. Everett Grimes?
3. How is Jem trying to ‘deal’ with the Tom Robinson case?
Chapter 27 preparing for the Halloween pageant
1. What does Bob Ewell do to try to get back at Judge Taylor?
2. Who does Helen Robinson get work for? How did this man know her husband?
3. What happens to the furniture of Miss Tutti and Frutti Barber?
4. Describe Scout’s costume for the Halloween show:
Chapter 28 the pageant
1. Who jumps out to give Jem and Scout a fright on their way to the Halloween pageant?
2. Why does Scout miss her entrance in the pageant?
3. What does Scout leave at the school house?
4. By the end of the scuffle, how many people are under the tree?
5. Who does Atticus summon following the attack on Scout and Jem?
6. Who is dead following the scuffle?
7. Who has he died?
Chapter 29 Scout and Jem rescued
1. Who has rescued Scout and Jem?
Chapter 30
1. Why does Atticus invite people out on the front porch, instead of into the living room?
2. Who does Atticus think killed Bob Ewell?
3. Why does Atticus object to Heck Tate trying to cover things up?
4. Why is Heck Tate keen to silence Boo Radley’s heroics?
5. How would spreading news about Boo Radley’s heroics be like ‘shootin’ a mocking- bird’ (pg. 282)
Chapter 31
1. When leading Boo home, how does Scout demonstrate she’s a lady?
2. What is Scout doing when she stands on the Radley deck and thinks about events of the last couple of years?
The Hobbit Content Questions and Vocabulary
Chapter One: “An Unexpected Party”
Comprehension Questions
What is Gandalf’s reputation?
What kind of mark does Gandalf put on Bilbo’s door?
How many dwarves come to tea?
What does Thorin wear to distinguish himself from the other dwarves?
What two things does Gandalf give Thorin?
How did the dwarves lose their treasure and kingdom?
Vocabulary
audacious (29)
rune (32)
abreast (32)
legendary (34)
obstinately (34)
prudent (34)
remuneration (34)
necromancer (37)
Chapter 2: “Roast Mutton”
Comprehension Questions
What are the terms of Bilbo’s contract?
How does Bilbo know that the three people are trolls?
How is Bilbo caught?
How does Gandalf rescue Bilbo and the dwarves?
What do they take from the trolls’ hoard?
Vocabulary
esteemed (41)
paraphernalia (42)
applicable (48)
Chapter 3: “A Short Rest”
Comprehension Questions
Why is Rivendell hard to find?
When is Durin’s Day?
Vocabulary
drear (55)
glade (57)
faggot (58)
bannock (58)
palpitating (60)
cleave (61)
Chapter 4: “Over Hill and Under Hill”
Comprehension Questions
Why does the expedition take shelter in the cave?
Why isn’t Gandalf captured?
What do goblins usually do with their prisoners?
How does Gandalf rescue Bilbo and the dwarves?
Vocabulary
deception (64)
shirk (69)
quaff (69)
inconveniencing (71)
gnash (71)
Chapter 5: “Riddles in the Dark”
Comprehension Questions
How does Bilbo know his sword was made by elves?
Why is it good that Bilbo lost his matches?
How does Gollum guess that Bilbo has his ring?
How do the Goblins know that someone is at the gate?
Which of the dwarves is the most surprised to see Bilbo?
Vocabulary
subterranean (78)
unbeknown (79)
flummoxed (79)
chestnut (81, 83)
antiquity (86)
Chapter 6: “Out of the frying-pan into the Fire”
Comprehension Questions
How does Bilbo know he is on the east side of the Mountains?
What is the proverb that Bilbo invents?
Why does the Lord of the Eagles notice the expedition?
Why won’t the Eagles fly near where men live?
Vocabulary
sorrel (101)
marjoram (101)
bracken (102)
larch (104)
proverb (103)
Chapter 7: “Queer Lodgings”
Comprehension Questions
What is a skin-changer?
What does Beorn eat?
How does Gandalf get Beorn to shelter thirteen dwarves?
Why isn’t Beorn interested in the dwarves tales?
What is the most important advice that Beorn and Gandalf give about Mirkwood?
Vocabulary
carrock (117)
appalling (118)
tippet (118)
dale (119)
trestle (126)
mead (127)
withered (128)
stark (128)
hart (135)
Chapter 8: ” Flies and Spider”
Comprehension Questions
What do the dwarves shoot with their bows?
When Bilbo climbs the tree, why doesn’t he see an end to the forest?
What does Bombur dream of?
What does Bilbo name his sword?
How does Bilbo rescue the dwarves?
Vocabulary
inquisitive (140)
hind (145)
vexed (145)
accursed (147)
disquieting (146)
commons(149)
sawn (150)
loathsome (155)
warrant (155)
quoits (156)
gloaming (165)
thongs (166)
Chapter 9: “Barrels Out of Bond”
Comprehension Questions
Where are the dwarves imprisoned?
How does Bilbo get in and out of the palace?
How many entrances does the palace have?
Where is the elves’ wine made?
Vocabulary
portcullis (171)
flagon (173)
potent (173)
vintage (173)
toss-pot (177)
kine (178)
Chapter 10: ‘A Warm Welcome’
Comprehension Questions
Why does the master welcome the expedition?
Why are the dwarves happy? Why is Bilbo unhappy?
What does the Elvenking think will happen to the dwarves?
What is the Master’s reaction when Thorin announces his departure?
Vocabulary
ominous (184)
promontory (185)
gammer (188)
vagabond (189)
enmity (190)
Chapter 11: “On the Doorstep”
Comprehension Questions
Why won’t the men of Lake-town stay with the dwarves?
Where does the expedition make each of their three camps?
Why does the door appear?
Vocabulary
disembarked (194)
waning (195)
lintel (197)
Chapter 12: “Inside Information”
Comprehension Questions
Who goes partway down the tunnel with Bilbo?
What does Bilbo take from the hoard?
Bilbo quotes two of his father’s sayings. What are they?
Who is the real leader of the expedition?
What about Bilbo puzzles Smaug?
What is the most important thing Bilbo learns from Smaug?
What proverb does Bilbo invent?
What is the Arkenstone?
Vocabulary
resource (203)
smoldering (210)
grievous (214)
cartage (215)
impenetrable (216)
waistcoat (216)
foreboding (219)
stealth (221)
Chapter 13: “Not at Home”
Comprehension Questions
What does Thorin give Bilbo?
Which hall leads to the Front Gate?
Why do the dwarves leave the underground halls?
Vocabulary
pallid (226)
figured (228)
dominion (233)
perpetually (233)
Chapter 14: “Fire and Water”
Comprehension Questions
Who is the guard “with a grim voice” (234)?
Why do the men of Esgaroth destroy the bridges?
Why can Bard understand the thrush? (See pp. 217-218 and 237)
Why are the people of Esgaroth angry with Thorin?
Vocabulary
drear (234)
foiled (235)
quench (235)
laden (236)
prophesying (237)
gledes (238)
eminent (239)
benefactor (239)
recompense (239)
Chapter 15: “The Gathering of the Clouds”
Comprehension Questions
How did Ravenhill get its name?
How old is Roac?
When does Thorin first name himself King under the Mountain?
Vocabulary
carrion
coveted
decrepit
amends
fells
Chapter 16: “A Thief in the Night”
Comprehension Questions
How does Bilbo leave the Mountain without being caught?
What is Bilbo’s plan to avoid war?
What old friend does Bilbo meet in the camp?
Vocabulary
bade
Chapter 17: “The Clouds Burst”
Comprehension Questions
What terms do Thorin and Bard come to?
What army makes the first attack?
Name the armies in the Battle of Five Armies.
What stops Thorin’s advance?
Where does Bilbo take his final stand? Why?
Vocabulary
hauberk (263)
mattocks (263)
reconciliation (265)
precipice (268)
scimitar (268)
eyries (270)
smote (270)
Chapter 18: “The Return Journey”
Comprehension Questions
Why isn’t Bilbo found until the day after the battle?
Who turned the tide of the battle?
What gifts does Dain give?
What becomes of Beorn in later years?
Vocabulary
literally (271)
amend
mustering
trackless
Chapter 19: “The Last Stage”
Comprehension Questions
Where was Gandalf while the expedition crossed Mirkwood?
How long do Bilbo and Gandalf stay at Rivendell?
Why do they walk at the end of their journey?
Why are Bilbo’s goods being auctioned?
What changes does Balin notice in Bilbo?
What happened to the old Master of Lake-town?
Vocabulary
lore
effects
The Hunger Games Comprehension Questions
Directions: Answer the following questions in complete sentences on a separate sheet of paper.
Chapter 1 Comprehension Questions
1. Describe the narrator. What is her family situation?
2. Describe District 12 and the Seam.
3. What happened to “father”?
4. Why don’t most people have weapons like Katniss’s bow?
5. Who is Gale?
6. What is the Hob?
7. How does the reaping system work?
8. Is the reaping system fair?
9. What is a tesserae?
10. What are the Hunger Games?
Chapter 2 Comprehension Questions
1. What is the protocol for volunteering?
2. What does silence at the reaping mean?
3. What does three middle fingers to the mouth and then held out mean?
4. Who is the male tribute and how does Katniss know him? What is ironic about his selection?
5. What is Katniss’s mother’s mental state? How has it affected Katniss?
6. What was the significance of the dandelion?
Chapter 3 Comprehension Questions
1. What happens after the anthem?
2. What instructions does Katniss give her family?
3. What type of competitors will she face?
4. Gale states to Katniss that the Hunger Games are “just hunting.” What does he mean and does Katniss agree? Do you agree?
5. Why is Katniss so concerned about her appearance, first on the stage and then in front of the reporters?
6. Where is the Capitol located? Where is District 12 located?
7. What is a mockingjay bird? Why does it make Katniss think of her father?
8. Describe Effie’s reaction to Katniss and Peeta’s table manners.
9. How are District 12’s actions at the reaping described by the TV commentators?
10. What role will Haymitch play at the Hunger Games?
Chapter 4 Comprehension Questions
1. Why does Katniss perceive Peeta’s kindness as a threat?
2. Why did Katniss put up a “wall” between her and her mother?
3. Why does Katniss detest Haymitch?
4. What deal does Haymitch make with the Tributes?
5. What are Haymitch’s first words of advice?
Chapter 5 Comprehension Questions
1. How does Katniss describe the Capitol accent? In the “real world,” what do we think of people who talk like that?
2. What happened to Katniss at the Remake Center? Consider the meaning and “real world” connections of the following quotes: “You almost look like a human being now.” & Katniss describes the stylists as “dyed, stenciled, and surgically altered.”
3. Why do new comers like Cinna get assigned District 12?
4. Compare and contrast the hunter/gatherer lifestyle of Katniss in District 12 with that of the people in the Capitol.
5. Describe the traditional District 12 costumes and how this year is different.
6. How does the crowd react to the Tributes?
7. Describe the interaction between Peeta and Katniss.
Chapter 6 Comprehension Questions
1. Why is Effie Trinket still with Peeta and Katniss?
2. How does Katniss feel about Effie’s description about the “barbarism of your district” (p. 74)?
3. Describe Katniss’s quarters.
4. What is an Avox? What penalty is levied on them?
5. What does Haymitch think of Peeta and Katniss holding hands?
6. How is Katniss in Peeta’s debt again?
7. How did Katniss know the Avox? Compare and contrast the incident with the red head girl with the Hunger Games.
Chapter 7 Comprehension Questions
1. What does Katniss think of the “twins” act?
2. Why would meeting the other Tributes make Katniss sick to her stomach?
3. What is Peeta’s assessment of Katniss’s skill with a bow? How does Katniss react?
4. What do you think Peeta means by “she has no idea the effect she can have” (p. 91)?
5. What advice does Haymitch share with Peeta and Katniss?
6. What does Haymitch demand of the District 12 Tributes in public?
7. What is Katniss’s initial assessment of how she stands versus the other Tributes?
8. What skills do they learn in training?
9. Who are the Gamemakers? How did Katniss’s private session go?
10. Who is their “shadow”?
Chapter 8 Comprehension Questions
1. What does Katniss believe will be the consequences of her actions in her private audition with the Gamemakers?
2. What is the significance of the score given to each tribute? What is Peeta and Katniss’s score?
3. How did Katniss meet Gale? How did they become a team?
4. What role does Gale serve for Katniss? How does that compare/contrast with Peeta?
5. What change in plans does Haymitch announce to Katniss?
Chapter 9 Comprehension Questions
1. Describe Katniss’s conflicted emotions about Peeta.
2. What is Effie working with Katniss on? What is Haymitch working with Katniss on?
3. What is the point of the interview? Why is Katniss having so much trouble with it?
4. What understanding does Katniss reach with the red headed avox?
5. What is Katniss’s costume for the interview?
6. How are age and appearance norms different in the Capitol?
7. How does Katniss’s interview go?
8. What bombshell does Peeta drop in his interview?
Chapter 10 Comprehension Questions
1. What effect has Peeta’s comments had on the crowd?
2. How did the plan develop? What is Haymitch’s perspective?
3. What is the condition of Peeta’s hands?
4. Why do the games start at 10 am?
5. What is Haymitch’s final arena advice?
6. Why is it important to Peeta that he “dies himself”? What is meant by “purity of self” (p. 141-142)?
7. Who is Titus? How did cannibalism play with the audience of the Capitol (p. 143)?
8. What happened to the arenas after the Games?
Chapter 11 Comprehension Questions
1. What is the Cornucopia?
2. What does Katniss see in the Cornucopia that she feels is meant for her?
3. Describe the opening moments of the Games.
4. How many died the first day and how many are left?
5. What woke Katniss up the first night? What happened to the tribute responsible for waking Katniss up?
Chapter 12 Comprehension Questions
1. What is Peeta’s physical condition? Describe Katniss’s feelings for him at this moment.
2. Why has Peeta been kept alive by the Career Tributes?
3. Why/How is Katniss playing the cameras?
4. What thought angers Katniss (p. 167)?
5. Where does Katniss find water?
6. How does the chapter conclude?
Chapter 13 Comprehension Questions
1. Whom does Katniss believe to have started the fire?
2. What is the new twist in the game?
3. What is ironic about Katniss’s injury?
4. What is the state of Katniss’s gear?
5. What does Katniss realize from the top of the tree? What surprising thing does she do?
6. Describe the night’s encounter with the Career Tributes.
7. Who is in the tree with Katniss?
Chapter 14 Comprehension Questions
1. What is different about the wasps found in the Hunger Games?
2. What was the first gift from Katniss’s sponsors by way of Haymitch?
3. How does Katniss disperse the Career Tributes? What was the result? What item does she acquire?
4. What is happening to Katniss? What does she realize before she blacks out?
Chapter 15 Comprehension Questions
1. What state is Katniss in when the poison works its way out of her system?
2. How do the weapons give Katniss an entirely new perspective on the Games?
3. What is the new alliance? Why does Katniss want to form this alliance?
4. Why are citizens not allowed to eat crops in District 11?
5. Why does Katniss think that her conversation with Rue will be blocked?
6. How many nights did Katniss miss?
7. How many Tributes are left?
8. What has happened to Peeta?
9. What do you think Katniss’s plan is?
Chapter 16 Comprehension Questions
1. What is the level of trust between Katniss and Rue?
2. Why is food such an important key? What advantage does Katniss and Rue have?
3. What has happened to Peeta?
4. What has “Foxface” done? What did she avoid?
5. How does Katniss destroy the supplies?
Chapter 17 Comprehension Questions
1. What are the effects of the explosion?
2. What happened to the boy from District 3? How many Tributes are left?
3. Why doesn’t Katniss want to make and ally of “Foxface”?
Chapter 18 Comprehension Questions
1. Whom does Katniss blame for Rue’s death?
2. Why does Katniss decorate Rue’s body with wild flowers?
3. Has Katniss’s opinion of killing changed?
4. Where has the sponsor’s gift come from? Why?
5. What does Katniss realize about her “first kill” (p. 243)?
6. What new rule is announced to the Tributes?
Chapter 19 Comprehension Questions
1. What does Katniss perceive as the consequence of not allying with Peeta?
2. What does Katniss realize about Peeta’s actions so far in the Games?
3. Who are the only others to benefit from the Games rule change?
4. What are Peeta’s injuries? How has he kept alive?
5. What “first” does Katniss have?
6. What message is Haymitch trying to send via the sponsor’s gift of broth?
Chapter 20 Comprehension Questions
1. What is the status of Peeta’s leg wound?
2. Why does Katniss change the story of how she acquired Prim’s goat?
3. How can a goat change your life in District 12?
4. What was Claudius Templesmith’s message? What is there in addition to the feast to facilitate the Tributes’ attendance?
5. What is in the newest parachute? What is Peeta’s reaction when he realizes what it is?
Chapter 21 Comprehension Questions
1. What is Katniss’s prediction as she readies herself?
2. How are the Gamemakers affecting the Games?
3. What does a feast in the Games mean for District 12?
4. What are Katniss’s thoughts on Gale?
5. What is on the table of the Cornucopia? Who is first to the table?
6. Who saves Katniss from Clove? Why?
7. What was in the District 12 backpack?
Chapter 22 Comprehension Questions
1. What is the physical condition of Peeta and Katniss?
2. Why have the Gamemakers sent the thunderstorm?
3. What is Katniss’s opinion of Thresh?
4. What does Katniss say in a moment of weakness?
5. Where is Thresh?
6. What does Katniss realize about Peeta, both practically and emotionally?
7. What are the origins of Peeta’s crush on Katniss?
8. What was the tangible benefit of their conversation in the cave?
Chapter 23 Comprehension Questions
1. Initially, why do Katniss and Peeta ration the food from the sponsors?
2. What is Haymitch going through in the control room?
3. How do they suppose that Haymitch won the Games?
4. What could be the roots of Haymitch’s drinking? What does this mean for Katniss?
5. Which Tribute has died during the thunderstorm?
6. What thoughts does Katniss have for the future?
7. What unforeseen problems does the partnership of Katniss and Peeta cause?
8. Who dies at the conclusion of this chapter? Whom does Katniss think killed the Tribute?
Chapter 24 Comprehension Questions
1. How did “Foxface” die?
2. What does Katniss think of Cato’s state of mind? How does she have a better understanding of him
than she thought?
3. How have the Gamemakers changed the Game? Why?
4. What is Cato wearing? Why is he running?
Chapter 25 Comprehension Questions
1. What is chasing after the final three Tributes?
2. What about the dogs makes Katniss especially uneasy?
3. What does Cato say to Katniss that makes her pause?
4. How is Cato knocked off the Cornucopia?
5. Why is Cato kept alive by the dogs? How does he die? How does Katniss feel about this?
6. Why do the Games not end immediately after Cato’s death?
7. What is Katniss’s plan? What happens next? Why do you suppose the Games end this way?
Chapter 26 Comprehension Questions
1. What does Katniss realize as she watches the doctors operate on Peeta?
2. Why is everyone keeping their distance from Katniss?
3. Where is Katniss taken when they enter the training center?
4. Why is there a delay between the Games and the presentation of the victor?
5. Who is missing from the team reunion? Why?
6. How does Katniss react to the prep team?
7. What did the Gamemakers want to do to Katniss? What was the compromise?
8. How has Cinna presented Katniss?
9. What new dangers face Katniss in the Capitol?
10. What is the significance of the following statement: “But the Hunger Games are their weapon and you are not supposed to be able to defeat it” (p358)?
Chapter 27 Comprehension Questions
1. What was the reason for Cinna’s choice of dress for Katniss?
2. Describe the reunion of Peeta and Katniss.
3. Who will watch the highlights show?
4. What power do the people who select the highlights possess?
5. What was omitted from the highlights?
6. What is Katniss’s best survival moment of the night?
7. Who is the instigator to be punished? Why?
8. What has happened to Peeta’s leg?
9. What is the significance of the berries moment?
10. When will Peeta and Katniss see Portia and Cinna again?
11. On the train, what is the significance of Katniss washing off her makeup and changing her hair and clothes?
12. What do the pink and white flowers given by Peeta remind Katniss of?
13. What does Peeta realize about Katniss’s actions during the Hunger Games (p. 372-374
1. “The Death of Balder” – Questions 1 and 2
2. Figurative Language – Questions 1 – 7
1. Short Story Element Outline for “Charles”
1. What are you interested in? Rough copy edited, good copy
2. Magazine Article Analysis #1
Short Story Elements
The Foundations of Narrative
Setting
The time and location in which a story takes place is called the setting. For some stories the setting is very important, while for others it is not. There are several aspects of a story’s setting to consider when examining how setting contributes to a story.
Some or all of the following may be present and important in a short story.
place – geographical location. Where is the action of the story taking place?
time – When is the story taking place? (historical period, time of day, year, etc)
weather conditions – Is it rainy, sunny, stormy, etc?
social conditions – What is the daily life of the characters like? Does the story contain local colour (writing that focuses on the speech, dress, mannerisms, customs, etc. of a particular place)?
mood or atmosphere – What feeling is created at the beginning of the story? Is it bright and cheerful or dark and frightening?
Plot
The plot is how the author arranges events to develop their basic idea; It is the sequence of events in a story or play. The plot is a planned, logical series of events having a beginning, middle, and end. The short story usually has one plot so it can be read in one sitting.
The following are the basic elements of plot
Introduction – The beginning of the story where the characters and the setting are revealed.
Initial Incident – The event that begins the conflict for the protagonist and sets the events of the story in motion.
Rising Action – This is where the events in the story become complicated and the conflict in the story is revealed (events between the introduction and climax).
Climax – This is the highest point of interest and the turning point of the story. The reader wonders what will happen next; will the conflict be resolved or not?
Falling action – The events and complications begin to resolve themselves. The reader knows what has happened next and if the conflict was resolved or not (events between climax and resolution).
Resolution – This is the final outcome or untangling of events in the story.
Conflict
Conflict is essential to plot. Without conflict there is no plot. It is the opposition of forces which ties one incident to another and makes the plot move. Conflict is not merely limited to open arguments, rather it is any form of opposition that faces the main character. Within a short story there may be only one central struggle, or there may be one dominant struggle with many minor ones.
There are two types of conflict:
1) External – A struggle with a force outside one’s self.
2) Internal – A struggle within one’s self; a person must make some decision, overcome pain, quiet their temper, resist an urge, etc.
There are four kinds of conflict:
1) Man vs. Man (physical) – The leading character struggles with his physical strength against other men, forces of nature, or animals.
2) Man vs. Circumstances (classical) – The leading character struggles against fate, or the circumstances of life facing him/her.
3) Man vs. Society (social) – The leading character struggles against ideas, practices, or customs of other people.
4) Man vs. Himself/Herself (psychological) – The leading character struggles with himself/herself; with his/her own soul, ideas of right or wrong, physical limitations, choices, etc.
Character
There are two meanings for the word character:
1) The person in a work of fiction.
2) The characteristics of a person.
Persons in a work of fiction – Antagonist and Protagonist
Short stories use few characters. One character is clearly central to the story with all major events having some importance to this character – he/she is the PROTAGONIST. The opposer of the main character is called the ANTAGONIST.
The Characteristics of a Person –
In order for a story to seem real to the reader its characters must seem real. Characterization is the information the author gives the reader about the characters themselves. The author may reveal a character in several ways:
a) his/her physical appearance
b) what he/she says, thinks, feels and dreams
c) what he/she does or does not do
d) what others say about him/her and how others react to him/her
Point of View
Point of view, or p.o.v., is defined as the angle from which the story is told.
The following are some common forms of POV
Innocent Eye – The story is told through the eyes of a child (his/her judgment being different from that of an adult) .
Stream of Consciousness – The story is told so that the reader feels as if they are inside the head of one character and knows all their thoughts and reactions.
First Person – The story is told by the protagonist or one of the characters who interacts closely with the protagonist or other characters (using pronouns I, me, we, etc). The reader sees the story through this person’s eyes as he/she experiences it and only knows what he/she knows or feels.
Third Person Omniscient – The author tells the story in third person (using pronouns they, she, he, it, etc). We know only what the character knows and what the author allows him/her to tell us. We can see the thoughts and feelings of characters if the author chooses to reveal them to us.
Third Person Limited – The author tells the story in the third person. It appears as though a camera is following the characters, going anywhere, and recording only what is seen and heard. There is no comment on the characters or their thoughts. No interpretations are offered. The reader is placed in the position of spectator without the author there to explain. The reader has to interpret events on his own.
Theme
The theme in a piece of fiction is its controlling idea or its central insight. It is the author’s underlying meaning or main idea that he is trying to convey. The theme may be the author’s thoughts about a topic or view of human nature. The writer may use various figures of speech to emphasize the theme, such as: symbol, allusion, simile, metaphor, hyperbole, or irony.
myermry 